Từ vựng IELTS Writing & Speaking chủ đề CRIME & PUNISHMENTS

Trong thời gian gần đây, vấn đề liên quan đến hành vi phạm tội không ngừng gia tăng trên toàn cầu, nên crime cũng trở thành chủ đề phổ biến hơn trong IELTS. Do đó, trong bài viết này, IELTS Thanh Loan sẽ cung cấp một số từ vựng IELTS Speaking & Writing chủ đề Crime thường được dùng trong các bài viết cũng như nghĩa, ví dụ và cách áp dụng chúng vào một số đề về Crime.

Từ vựng về tội phạm 

1, crime ~ offense /əˈfens/ ~ wrongdoings ~ lawbreaking (noun)

• Định nghĩa: illegal activities
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: việc phạm tội, tội trạng
• Ví dụ:  In their efforts to reduce crime the government expanded the police force.

2, criminal /ˈkrɪm.ɪ.nəl/ ~ offender ~ wrongdoer /ˈrɒŋˌduː.ər/ ~ lawbreaker (noun)

• Định nghĩa: a person who does something bad or illegal
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tội phạm, người phạm tội 
• Ví dụ: She is a persistent offender and has been arrested five times this year for shoplifting.

3, to commit a crime ~ to offend ~ to break/ violate the law (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: o do something illegal or something that is considered wrong
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: phạm tội
• Ví dụ: Japan’s foreign ministry replied that Belenko had committed a crime and that the jet was evidence in a criminal investigation.

4, to reoffend /ˌriː.əˈfend/ (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: (of someone who has previously committed a crime) to commit another crime
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tái phạm tội
• Ví dụ: If he reoffends, he will automatically go back to jail for three years.

5, to engage in criminal activities (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: do something illegal
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tham gia vào các hoạt động phạm pháp
• Ví dụ: Similarly, children forced to engage in criminal activities may be considered as criminals instead of victims

6, juvenile delinquency /ˌdʒuː.vən.aɪl dɪˈlɪŋ.kwən.si/ (noun phrase)

• Định nghĩa: crime that is committed by young people
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tội phạm vị thành niên
• Ví dụ: There is a high rate of juvenile delinquency in this area.

7, potential criminals (noun phrase)

• Định nghĩa: individuals who show signs or tendencies that suggest they might engage in criminal activities.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: những người có dấu hiệu hoặc xu hướng cho thấy họ có thể tham gia vào các hoạt động tội phạm.
• Ví dụ:  Early intervention and guidance can help steer potential criminals away from a life of crime.

8, would-be criminals (noun phrase)

• Định nghĩa: people who are planning or attempting to commit a crime.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: những người đang lên kế hoạch hoặc cố gắng thực hiện một tội ác.
• Ví dụ: The vigilant security guard thwarted the plans of would-be criminals attempting to break into the store.

9, to fight crime (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: a crime is an illegal action or activity for which a person can be punished by law
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: đấu tranh chống tội phạm
• Ví dụ: Community members joined forces with the police to form a neighborhood watch program to help fight crime.

10, to mimic violent behaviors (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: to imitate or copy aggressive and harmful actions.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: bắt chước các hành vi bạo lực
• Ví dụ:  Exposure to violent media can sometimes lead young individuals to mimic violent behavior they have seen.

11, to breed future offender (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: to influence others in a way that may lead them to engage in criminal activities in the future.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ảnh hưởng đến người khác, khiến cho họ có thể trở thành tội phạm trong tương lai
• Ví dụ: Growing up in a household with criminal role models can sometimes breed future offenders.

12, to turn to illegal acts to generate income (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: engaging in unlawful activities as a means to earn money or generate income.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: phạm tội để kiếm tiền
• Ví dụ: Facing financial hardships, some individuals may turn to illegal acts to generate income, such as participating in organized crime or drug trafficking.

Từ vựng chỉ các tội lớn – Major crimes/ serious crime 

1, kidnapping /ˈkɪd.næp.ɪŋ/ (noun) ~ abduction /æbˈdʌk.ʃən/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of making a person go somewhere with you, especially using threats or violence
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: bắt cóc
• Ví dụ: There has been a series of abductions of young children from schools in the area.

2, assault  /əˈsɒlt/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: a violent attack
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tấn công
• Ví dụ: The number of indecent assaults has increased alarmingly over the past year.

3, arson /ˈɑː.sən/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: cố ý gây hỏa hoạn
• Ví dụ: A cinema was burned out in north London last night. Police suspect arson.

4, child abuse /ˈtʃaɪld əˌbjuːz/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: behaviour in which adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ngược đãi trẻ em
• Ví dụ: Emily was charged with kidnapping and child abuse

5, burglary /ˈbɜː.ɡlər.i/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: trộm cắp
• Ví dụ: He committed more than a dozen burglaries in the last year.

6, drug trafficking /drʌɡ ˈtræfɪkɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: buôn bán ma tuý
• Ví dụ: The information requested regarding the nature of evidence given in individual drug trafficking cases is not available.

7, human trafficking  /ˌhjuː.mən ˈtræf.ɪ.kɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of buying and selling people, or making money from work they are forced to do, such as sex work
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: buôn bán người 
• Ví dụ: International organized crime includes human trafficking, drug running and money laundering.

8, false imprisonment /ˌfɒls ɪmˈprɪz.ən.mənt/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the limiting of someone’s freedom without the authority or right to do so
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giam giữ trái phép
• Ví dụ: He brought civil proceedings against the police for false imprisonment.

9, fraud  /frɔːd/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of getting money by deceiving people
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: lừa đảo
• Ví dụ: He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges.

10, hijacking  /ˈhaɪ.dʒæk.ɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of using force or threats to take control of an aircraft, ship, car, etc., or an occasion when this happens
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: không tặc
• Ví dụ: The attacks included the hijacking of four planes.

11, murder /ˈmɜː.dər/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of intentionally killing a person
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giết người
• Ví dụ: Two sisters have been charged with murder.

12, smuggling /ˈsmʌɡ.lɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act or process of taking things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: sự buôn lậu
• Ví dụ: The police are working hard to prevent drug smuggling through the border.

13, terrorism /ˈter.ər.ɪ.zəm/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: (threats of) violent action for political purposes
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: sự khủng bố
• Ví dụ: What should government do to avoid terrorism?

14, white-collar crime /ˌwaɪt.kɒl.ə ˈkraɪm/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: crime in which an office worker or someone in business illegally takes money from their employer or the people they deal with in their business
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tội phạm công nghệ cao
• Ví dụ: A state employee was charged with the white-collar crime of taking bribes to steer lucrative contracts to favored companies.

15, sexual assault /ˌsek.ʃu.əl əˈsɒlt/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of forcing someone to take part in a sexual activity with you, or of touching someone in a sexual way when they do not want you to
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tấn công tình dục
• Ví dụ: The depressing statistics are that one in five women have experienced some form of sexual assault.

16, robbery /ˈrɒb.ər.i/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ăn cướp
• Ví dụ: A bank robbery occurred yesterday.

17, tax evasion /ˈtæks ɪˌveɪ.ʒən/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: ways of illegally paying less tax than you should
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: trốn thuế
• Ví dụ: Three executives were charged with tax evasion and harboring illegal aliens.

18, extortion /ɪkˈstɔː.ʃən/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of getting something, especially money, by force or threats
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tội tống tiền
• Ví dụ: He was found guilty of obtaining the money by extortion.

19, bribery /ˈbraɪ.bər.i/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want 
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tội hối lộ
• Ví dụ: The largest store in the country was caught up in bribery allegations.

20, manslaughter /ˈmænˌslɔː.tər/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of killing a person when the killer did not intend to do it or cannot be responsible for his or her actions
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giết người không cố ý
• Ví dụ: He denies murder but admits manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.

21, money laundering /ˈmʌn.i ˌlɔːn.də.rɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of moving money that has been obtained illegally through banks and other businesses to make it seem as if the money has been obtained legally
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: rửa tiền
• Ví dụ: Authorities plan to limit cash deposits of dollars at bank counters as a measure against money laundering.

22, embezzlement /ɪmˈbez·əl·mənt/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one’s trust or belonging to one’s employer.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: biển thủ công quỹ
• Ví dụ: They were arrested for the embezzlement of company funds.

Từ vựng chỉ các tội nhỏ – Minor/ petty crimes 

1, pickpocketing /ˈpɪkˌpɒk.ɪ.tɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of stealing things out of people’s pockets or bags, especially in a crowd
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: sự móc túi
• Ví dụ: Pickpocketing will be heavily punished.

2, shoplifting /ˈʃɒp.lɪf.tɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the illegal act of taking goods from a shop without paying for them
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: việc trộm cắp đồ (ở cửa hàng) 
• Ví dụ: John has been jailed three times for shoplifting.

3, traffic offences (noun)

• Định nghĩa: a violation of traffic regulations , such as breaking the speed limit
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: vi phạm luật giao thông
• Ví dụ: It returned a possible match for one of his sons, who had been detained for a traffic offence.

4, drunk driving /ˌdrʌŋk ˈdraɪ.vɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: lái xe khi say rượu
• Ví dụ: All men with a drunk-driving conviction involving minimum blood alcohol concentrations were potential study candidates.

5, jaywalking /ˈdʒeɪ.wɔː.kɪŋ/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the action of walking across a street at a place where it is not allowed or without taking care to avoid the traffic
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: sự đi ẩu, sự đi sai quy định (đi bộ, đi sang đường)
• Ví dụ: Jaywalking is illegal in some countries.

6, to run a red light (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: to continue driving even though a traffic light is red and you should stop
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: vượt đèn đỏ
• Ví dụ: Running a red light is more likely to cause significant injury than other accidents. 

7, speeding /ˈspiː.dɪŋ/ (noun) → to exceed the speed limit (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: driving faster than is allowed in a particular area
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: chạy xe quá tốc độ
• Ví dụ: The police fined him $200 for speeding.

8, bully /ˈbʊl.i/ (noun) → bullying (noun) 

• Định nghĩa: someone who hurts or frightens someone else, often over a period of time, and often forcing them to do something that they do not want to do
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: kẻ bắt nạt/ việc bắt nạt 
• Ví dụ: Teachers usually know who the bullies are in a class.

9, cyberbully /ˈsaɪ.bəˌbʊl.i/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: someone who uses the internet to harm or frighten another person, especially by sending them unpleasant messages
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: bắt nạt qua internet
• Ví dụ: You could send the material the cyberbully has posted to his or her parents and ask them to make him or her stop.

10, vandalism /ˈvæn.dəl.ɪ.zəm/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: hành động phá hoại
• Ví dụ: These schools are known to be vulnerable to vandalism.

Từ vựng chỉ các hình phạt – Crime punishments 

1, Death penalty /ˈdeθ ˌpen.əl.ti/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the legal punishment of death for a crime
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tử hình
• Ví dụ: She would like to see the return of the death penalty in Britain.

2, License suspension (noun)

• Định nghĩa: your license or driving privilege will be taken away for a period of time. 
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tạm thu bằng lái
• Ví dụ: His repeated drunk driving offenses led to a lengthy license suspension.

3, Detention /dɪˈten.ʃən/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of officially retaining someone
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: sự giam giữ
• Ví dụ: Concern has been expressed about the death in detention of a number of political prisoners.

4, Imprisonment /ɪmˈprɪz.ən.mənt/= prison sentence (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of putting someone in prison or the condition of being kept in prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ngồi tù
• Ví dụ: He could win damages for his father’s wrongful imprisonment.

5, A suspended sentence (noun)  

• Định nghĩa: a legal arrangement in which a person who has been found guilty of a crime is not sentenced to jail but may be sentenced for that crime at a future time if he or she commits another crime during a specified period
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: hoãn thi hành án
• Ví dụ: The sergeant and the private were sentenced to life imprisonment, but the captain received a two-year suspended sentence.

6, Forfeiture /ˈfɔː.fɪ.tʃər/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the loss of rights, property, or money, especially as a result of breaking a legal agreement:
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tịch thu tài sản
• Ví dụ: In this case, the penalty should be forfeiture of the pistol and ring.

7, House arrest /ˈhaʊs əˌrest/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: legally forced to stay in your house as if in prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giam giữ tại nhà
• Ví dụ: He was under house arrest for some small misdemeanor. 

8, Non-custodial sentence /ˌnɒn.kʌsˈtəʊ.di.əl ˈsentəns/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: (of a punishment) that does not involve a person being sent to prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: án treo
• Ví dụ: When someone is convicted in court, the judge can give them a non-custodial sentence.

9, Community service /kəˌmjuː.nə.ti ˈsɜː.vɪs/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: work done without payment to help other people. Criminals whose crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do community service.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: lao động công ích
• Ví dụ: The judge ordered him to pay a fine and perform 100 hours of community service.

10, Incarceration  /ɪnˌkɑr·səˈreɪ·ʃən/  (noun)

• Định nghĩa: the act of putting or keeping someone in prison or in a place used as a prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tống giam
• Ví dụ: The public would not be served by her incarceration.

11, Social isolation (noun)

• Định nghĩa:  the lack of social contacts and having few people to interact with regularly
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: cô lập về mặt xã hội
• Ví dụ: Symptoms include changes in behavior, social isolation, headaches or tummy upsets.

12, Fine /faɪn/ (noun)

• Định nghĩa: an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: đóng phạt, tiền phạt
• Ví dụ: If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy fine.

13, Life imprisonment /laɪf ɪmˈprɪz.ən.mənt/ ~ the whole-life prison sentence (noun phrase)

• Định nghĩa: the punishment of being put in prison for a very long time without an arranged time for release or, in the US, until death
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tù chung thân
• Ví dụ: He was certified insane and then sentenced to life imprisonment, after which he was birched.

14, Rehabilitation programme /ˌriː.həˌbɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən ˈprəʊ.ɡræm/ (noun phrase)

• Định nghĩa: the process of returning to a healthy or good way of life, or the process of helping someone to do this after they have been in prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: chương trình cải tạo
• Ví dụ: Duff considers the meaning of rehabilitation and punishment and whether they are opposed responses to crime.

15, Capital punishment /ˌkæp.ɪ.təl ˈpʌn.ɪʃ.mənt/ ~ death penalty (noun phrase) → to receive death penalty/ prison sentence (verb phrase)

• Định nghĩa: punishment by death, as ordered by a legal system
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: tử hình
• Ví dụ: Capital punishment refers to the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes.

16, to go to jail/prison = be put/thrown in jail = receive prison sentences

• Định nghĩa: to take into or hold in lawful custody
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ngồi tù
• Ví dụ: Anyone who opposes the regime is thrown in jail.

17, to be out of jail/prison = to be released from jail 

• Định nghĩa: no longer be confined in a jail or prison after serving a sentence or being granted release.
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ra tù
• Ví dụ: After serving five years for robbery, he was finally out of jail and determined to start a new life.

Thành ngữ chủ đề Tội phạm – Idioms about Crime

1, to cover your tracks 

• Định nghĩa: to hide or destroy the things that show where you have been or what you have been doing
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: che giấu những vết tích hay những việc mình đã làm
• Ví dụ: Roberts covered his tracks by throwing the knife in the river.

2, to do something by the book 

• Định nghĩa: to do something exactly as the rules tell you
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: đúng luật
• Ví dụ: The police were careful to do everything by the book.

3, to be behind bars 

• Định nghĩa: to be in prison
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: ngồi tù
• Ví dụ: Lee County has my word, we will work to keep paradise safe and violent thugs will be put behind bars where they belong

4, to come clean 

• Định nghĩa: to tell the truth about something that you have been keeping secret
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: thú tội
• Ví dụ: I thought it was time to come clean (with everybody) about what I’d been doing.

5, to catch somebody red handed 

• Định nghĩa: to discover someone while they are doing something bad or illegal
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: bắt quả tang
• Ví dụ: He was caught red-handed taking money from the till.

6, to keep your nose clean 

• Định nghĩa: to avoid getting into trouble
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giữ cho mình tránh khỏi gặp rắc rối
• Ví dụ: I’d only been out of prison three months, so I was trying to keep my nose clean.

7, to get away with murder 

• Định nghĩa: to be allowed to do things that other people would be punished or criticized for
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: làm điều sai nhưng không bị trừng phạt
• Ví dụ: He’s so charming that he really does get away with murder.

8, to turn a blind eye 

• Định nghĩa: to ignore something that you know is wrong
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: nhắm mắt làm ngơ
• Ví dụ: Management often turn a blind eye to bullying in the workplace.

9, to brush/sweep something under the carpet

• Định nghĩa: to hide a problem or try to keep it secret instead of dealing with it
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: phủ nhận, cố gắng che giấu sự thật
• Ví dụ: The committee is being accused of sweeping financial problems under the carpet to avoid embarrassment.

10, to grease someone’s palm

• Định nghĩa: to secretly give someone money in order to persuade them to do something for you
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: đút lót, hối lộ ai đó
• Ví dụ: You can never catch the bars of the ticket counter unless you grease the palm of the man on duty

11, to carry the can

• Định nghĩa: to take the blame or responsibility for something that is wrong or has not succeeded
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: nhận tội thay
• Ví dụ: As usual, I was left to carry the can.

12, to turn somebody in 

• Định nghĩa: to take a criminal to the police, or to go to them yourself to admit a crime
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: giao nộp ai đó cho cảnh sát
• Ví dụ: The hit-and-run driver turned himself in to the police the day after the accident.

13, to bail someone out 

• Định nghĩa: to help a person or organization that is in difficulty, usually by giving or lending them money
• Nghĩa Tiếng Việt: bảo lãnh
• Ví dụ: The TV show triggered a number of protests, and some of the sponsors bailed out.

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